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Kempholey Toad

Kempholey Toad

India
Status
Vulnerable

IUCN conservation assessment category

Habitat
Forest, Ocean

Primary ecological niche & biome

Diet
small aquatic larvae, freshwater worms, and crawling insects

Dietary type and primary food source

Activity
nocturnal and crepuscular

Diurnal, nocturnal, or active patterns

Scientific Summary

GBIF Taxonomic Backbone & Wikipedia Registry Profile

Description of topotype, BNHS 6126 (measurements in mm). A medium-sized, robust adult male (SVL 45.0); head of moderate size, wider (HW 16.9) than long (HL 14.0); snout subovoid in dorsal and ventral view, not projecting, its length (SL 6.1) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 5.9); loreal region obtuse with sharp canthus rostralis; distance between posterior borders of the eyes (IBE 13.9) 2.2 times the distance between the anterior borders (IFE 6.3); interorbital space 1.2 times wider (IUE 5.1) than upper eyelid width (UEW 4.1); nostril oval without lateral flap of skin, closer to tip of snout (NS 1.7) than to eye (EN 3.2); tympanum distinct (TYD 2.6), vertically oval, 44.1 % of eye diameter (EL 5.9), tympanum to eye distance (TYE 0.7); pineal ocellus absent; vomerine ridge and teeth absent; tongue small, oval, entire, median lingual projection absent; parotoid glands present, oval, flat, without spines and warts, longer (PL 6.2) than wide (PW 3.4), shorter than distance between them (PD 8.7); supraorbital and postorbital ridges weakly developed. Forelimbs short; forearm length (FAL 10.8) shorter than hand length (HAL 11.3); fingers rather thin, FLI nearly equal to FLII, FLIII longest (6.3); relative length of fingers: I = II <IV <III; tips of fingers rounded; subarticular tubercles prominent, single on fingers I, II, IV, double in finger III, oval, all present; prepollex oval, distinct; single rounded prominent palmar tubercle; numerous supernumerary tubercles irregularly set on palm. Hind limbs relatively long and thin, thigh length (TL 17.8) shorter than shank length (SHL 18.8) and foot length (FOL 18.5); relative length of toes: I <II <V <III <IV; tips of all toes rounded, without discs; webbing between toes present, small: I 1 + - 2 II 1 + - 3 III 2 - 3 ⅔ IV 3 ⅔ - 2 V; well-developed dermal fringes present on all toes; subarticular tubercles rather distinct, oval, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle present, prominent, its length (IMT 1.6) nearly half the length of outer metatarsal tubercle (OMT 3.1); numerous supernumerary tubercles irregularly set on foot. Skin. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and snout, and skin between eyes relatively smooth; anterior and posterior parts of back with flat and smooth glandular projections; flanks glandular without horny spinules or warts; dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank, and tarsus with smooth glandular warts. Ventral surfaces of throat, chest, belly, and thighs glandular. Secondary sexual character. Male: light brown granular projections on lateral surfaces of fingers I, II, and III. Colour in preservation. Dorsum and limbs slate grey to buff coloured; lateral surfaces of head, flank, and groin slightly lighter than dorsum; ventral surfaces (including limbs) off-white; throat with a faint light bluish-grey calling patch (Fig. 1). Colour in life: dorsum uniformly golden yellow with a brown tinge; limbs darker than dorsum; ventral surfaces white with a prominent bluish-yellow calling patch on throat.
Biology & Conservation

Ecologically, the conservation status of Kempholey Toad is officially designated as Vulnerable. Current field registries estimate a global population composed of an unquantified number of individuals, making habitat preservation critical to maintaining their wild populations.

It is typically endemic to forest, ocean, showing great physiological synergy with its surroundings. In terms of dietary preferences, it relies primarily on a diet of small aquatic larvae, freshwater worms, and crawling insects. It exhibits specialized adaptations centered around a nocturnal and crepuscular activity pattern, optimizing its energy conservation and interactions within its native ecosystem. The species has a typical natural lifespan of approximately 6 years, allowing it to adapt and mature through structured generational cycles.

Ongoing biological monitoring and ecological advocacy emphasize the importance of protecting this species. The stability of its food chain and the prevention of fragmentation in its primary range are vital for the continued survival of Kempholey Toad.

Energy & Activity Profile
Habitat & Adaptation Index
Quick Facts
Native RangeIndia
Habitat RangeForest, Ocean
Lifespan6 Yrs
StatusVulnerable
ScientificDuttaphrynus brevirostris
Registry Info
Lifespan6 years
KingdomAnimalia
FamilyBufonidae