GBIF Taxonomic Backbone & Wikipedia Registry Profile
Description of immature stages. Eggs (Fig. 4): light brown, obovoid, with the anterior end slightly flattened; maximum length (average + / - standard deviation) = 0.05 + / - 0.01 mm, maximum width = 0.39 + / - 0.01 mm, n = 6. Surface of chorion with faint carenae, delimiting irregular, mostly hexagonal cells and minutely pitted, forming a continuous meshwork-like plastron (sensu Hinton 1981), except for the anterior end where corresponding holes are sparse. Micropylar area on anterior pole, consisting of a subtrapezoidal indentation in the center, which is surrounded by a rosette of about 20 subpentagonal cells that increase in size centrifugally. Last instar larva (Figs 5, 6, 9 D): head capsule width (average + / - standard deviation) = 2.39 + / - 0.06 mm; body length = 10.34 + / - 2.45 mm, n = 4. Body light yellow; head tan-brown, with a clearer, dorsal, irregularly shaped area, covering the frontoclypeus, adfrontal area and adjacent portions; this area projects latero-posteriorly, ending close to the posterior margin of the head. Prothoracic shield slightly melanized except for a pair of faint patches formed by pigmented spots, located mesally on posterior margin. Anal plate and prothoracic legs not melanized (Figs 5 C, D, 9 D). Setae mostly reduced in size, on pinacula (Fig. 6 G, K) that are inconspicuous under light microscopy (same color as body) (Fig. 5 C-E). Head: wider than long, with lateral margins convex, slightly hypognathus; frontoclypeus subtriangular, higher than wide, extending to three-quarters of epicranial notch; ecdysial line weakly defined, reaching close to epicranial notch and delimiting a narrow adfrontal area (Fig. 5 A-D). Six poorly developed, laterally located stemmata (Fig. 6 A, C). Antennae (Fig. 6 B) two-segmented; basal segment with four sensilla on distal margin, two short and stout, one minute and one long, ca 10 x the length of the others; distal segment much thinner and shorter, bearing three short sensilla on distal margin. Labrum slightly bilobed, with three pairs of setae laterally on distal margin, and one pair centrally on proximal base. Mandible well developed, with four cusps along distal margin and two small setae mesally on external surface. Maxilla (Fig. 6 D, E) with palpus and galea well developed. Spinneret short, conical (Fig. 6 D, E). Labial palpus (Fig. 6 E) bisegmented; distal segment thinner and shorter, with well-developed apical seta. Thorax (T) and abdomen (A): integument covered with microtrichia, except on pinacula (Fig. 6 G, K, L). Thoracic legs well developed, with stout tarsal claw (Fig. 6 H, I). Circular spiracles with slightly elevated peritreme, laterally on T 1, A 1 - 8. Abdominal pseudopodia absent, replaced by pairs of ambulatory calli (Fig. 6 L) on A 3 - 6 and A 10, without crochets. Chaetotaxy (Fig. 5 A, B). Head with F unisetose; C group bisetose; A group trisetose, forming an obtuse triangle with A 3 closest to stemmata; AF group bisetose; P unisetose; Md group absent; L unisetose; S trisetose; SS trisetose (not drawn). A 3 and P 1 about equal in length, longest setae on head. T 1 with D group bisetose; XD bise tose; SD bisetose; L bisetose; SV bisetose. T 2 - 3 with D group bisetose; SD unisetose; L 1 unisetose; SV unisetose. A 1 - 7 with D group bisetose; MD unisetose; SD bisetose; L bisetose; SV and V unisetose. A 8 with D group bisetose; MD unisetose; SD 1 unisetose; L bisetose; V unisetose. A 9 with D group unisetose, SD bisetose; L unisetose. A 10 with D group bisetose; SD bisetose; V unisetose, and three pairs of unnamed setae on lateral of calli. Pupa (Figs 7, 8). Body length (average + / - standard deviation) = 11.52 + / - 0.67 mm; n = 5. Yellowish brown, becoming dark brown near adult emergence (Fig. 7 C). Head with stout, short, bow-shaped frontal gall-cutter process in dorsal view (Figs 7 A, C), which is continued latero-caudally up to eye margin by slightly elevated ridges that limit depressions on frons under lateral view. Vertex with two pairs of small setae laterally. Clypeus little pronounced, with one pair of small setae laterally; labrum short, slightly bilobed (Fig. 8 B). Antennae clubbed at the end, reaching anterior portion of third abdominal segment. Mandibles small, rounded, meso-anterior to the eyes. Maxillary palpi small, rounded, latero-posteriorly to the eyes. Proboscis shorter than and laterally margined by the prothoracic legs; galea converging mesally along the second half portion. Labial palpi contiguous on the center, extending to half length of the galea. Pronotum fairly developed, bearing a central ridge that extends caudally along the meso- and metanotum. Hindwings concealed by forewings, both extending to sixth abdominal segment. Protho-, meso-, and methatoracic legs reaching the second, fifth, and seventh abdominal segments, respectively. Thoracic and abdominal setae extremely reduced in size: one pair, latero-dorsally, on meso- and metathorax, and A 2 - A 9; another pair, subspiracular, on A 2 - A 7. Abdominal spiracles rounded, with slightly elevated peritreme (Fig. 8 E), laterally on A 2 - A 7; spiracle on A 8 closed. Basal and caudal transverse rows of spines (Figs 8 D, F) present from abdominal segments two to seven on males; only one row of such spines is found on segment seven of females, and also on segments eight and nine on both sexes. Last abdominal segment with four pairs of stout, scaly spines on caudal margin: two pairs in latero-dorsal and two pairs in latero-ventral position (Fig. 8 H, G).
