Theloderma khoii

Comparison with other species We compared Theloderma khoii sp. nov. with other members of the genus Theloderma based on morphological specimen examination (see Appendix 1) and data obtained from the literature (e. g., Tschudi 1838; Boulenger 1903; Smith 1924; Ahl 1927, 1931; Bourret 1937, 1942; Liu & Hu 1962; Taylor 1962; Chanda 1994; Inger et al. 1999; Chanard 2003; Bain & Nguyen 2004; Stuart & Heatwole 2004; Orlov & Ho 2005; Orlov et al. 2006, 2012; McLeod & Norhayati 2007; Bain et al. 2009; Chan & Norhayati 2009; Fei et al. 2009, 2012; Jiang et al. 2009; Kunz et al. 2010; Rowley et al. 2011; Nguyen et al. 2014). Species of Theloderma inhabiting Indochina, Sumatra, southern China and eastern India can be assigned to three different size groups (Dever 2017): small species (SVL <35 mm), such as T. albopunctatum (Liu & Hu, 1962); T. annae Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Ngo & Ziegler, 2016; T. asperum (Boulenger, 1886); T. auratum Poyarkov, Kropachev, Gogoleva & Orlov, 2018; T. baibungense Jiang, Fei & Huang, 2009; T. lacustrinum Sivongxay, Davankham, Phimmachak, Phoumixay & Stuart, 2016; T. laeve (Smith, 1924); T. lateriticum Bain, Nguyen & Doan, 2009; T. licin McLeod & Ahmad, 2007; T. nebulosum and T. palliatum Rowley, Le, Hoang, Dau & Cao, 2011; T. petilum (Stuart & Heatwole, 2004); T. pyaukkya Dever, 2017; T. rhododiscus (Liu & Hu, 1926); T. (Stelladerma in Poyarkov et al. 2015) stellatum Taylor, 1926; T. (Stelladerma in Poyarkov et al. 2015) vietnamense (Poyarkov et al., 2015); and T. truongsonense (Orlov & Ho, 2005); medium-sized species with SVL of 40 – 45 mm, T. horridum (Boulenger, 1903); T. moloch (Annandale, 1912); T. phrynoderma (Ahl, 1927); T. nagalandense and T. ryabovi Orlov, Dutta, Ghate & Kent, 2006; and T. schmardana (Kelaart, 1853); large-sized species with SVL 48 – 75 mm (Orlov 1997), including T. bicolor (Bourret, 1937); T. corticale (Boulenger, 1903); T. gordoni Taylor, 1962; T. leporosum Tschudi, 1838; and Theloderma khoii sp. nov. Compared to T. bicolor, another large-sized group member in Vietnam, Theloderma khoii sp. nov. can be distinguished by its coloration pattern: the lateral part from the axilla to groin is black with an irregular yellowish-green pattern in T. bicolor vs flank pattern with clear brown-dark speckles, ventrally joining the yellowish-green band in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; a comparatively lighter belly pattern, consisting of irregular blackish brown speckles with whitish pattern in T. bicolor vs belly irregular black with yellowish-green pattern and some cream warts, and the presence of few smaller bluish spots on the throat, in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. (Fig. 4); by the comparatively dark-colored posterior part of the thighs, consisting of black blotches and irregular light-green or olive reticulations (vs black with yellowgreenish bands and a few red-brown warts in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; Fig. 4); and foot webbing well-developed: I (0) – (1) II (0) – (1 / 2) III (0) – (1) IV (1) – (0) V (vs I (1 / 3) – (1) II (0) – (1 / 2) III (0) – (1) IV (1) – (1 / 3) V in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; Fig. 4). Theloderma khoii sp. nov. (Bourret 1937; Hou et al. 2017) differs from T. corticale by its shorter body size: SVL 52.2 mm in male and 59.4 mm in female in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs SVL up to 67 mm in T. corticale; by colour pattern: a much lighter belly pattern, yellow-lemon with irregular small black patterns and creamy warts (vs dark belly pattern, blackish ground color with thin yellowish-green pattern and some cream warts in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); by skin texture: the absence of enlarged warts in the scapular area (vs large irregular prominent warts on dorsum, forming large groups at the base of the head and scapular area in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); by the head being slightly wider than long (vs head length and width equal in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); and foot webbing well developed: webbing formula: I (0) – (1 + 12) II (0) – (1) III (0) – (1) IV (1) – (0) V (vs I (1 / 3) – (1) II (0) – (1 / 2) III (0) – (1) IV (1) – (1 / 3) V in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. Theloderma khoii sp. nov differs from T. gordoni by its coloration pattern: dorsal surface mossy-green or light-olive mixed with mossy-green, resembling moss; ventral yellowish-green band in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs dorsum dark brown or coffee with some clusters light brown or orange on enlarged gland ridges; ventral surface dark blue with numerous irregular grayish white patterns and speckles in T. gordoni. Tympanum and tympanic fold distinct in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs tympanum and tympanic fold invisible in T. gordoni; head width equal to head length in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs head width greater than head length in T. gordoni (Qui et al. 2018).